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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00223_Field_frep112.txt
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1996-12-30
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Prenatal development is a
gargantuan subject; I know
little about it and certainly will
not attempt to describe it in any
detail here. One of the more
interesting but baffling topics
it deals with is the question of
how the individual nerve fibers
in a huge bundle find their
proper destinations. For
example, the eye, the
geniculate, and the cortex are
all formed independently of
each other: as one of them
matures, the axons that grow
out must make many decisions.
An optic-nerve fiber must grow
across the retina to the optic
disc, then along the optic nerve
to the chiasm, deciding there
whether to cross or not; it must
then proceed to the lateral
geniculate body on the side it
has selected, go to the right
layer or to the region that will
become the right layer, go to
just the right part of that layer
so that the resulting topography
becomes properly ordered, and
finally it must branch and the
branches must go to the correct
parts of the geniculate cells--
cell body or dendrite. The same
requirements apply to a fiber
growing from the lateral
geniculate body to area 17 or
from area 17 to area 18.
Although this general aspect of
neurodevelopment is today
receiving intense study in
many laboratories, we still do
not know how fibers seek out
their targets. It is hard even to
guess the winner out of the
several major possibilities,
mechanical guidance,
following chemical gradients,
or homing in on some
complementary molecule in a
manner analogous to what
happens in immune systems.
Much present-day research
seems to point to many
mechanisms, not just to one.
This chapter deals mainly
with the postnatal development
of the mammalian visual
system, in particular with the
degree to which the system can
be affected by the environment.
In the first few stages of the cat
and monkey visual path--the
retina, geniculate, and perhaps
the striate, or primary visual,
cortex--an obvious question is
whether any plasticity should
be expected after birth. I will
begin by describing a simple
experiment. By about 1962 some
of the main facts about the
visual cortex of the adult cat
were known: orientation
selectivity had been
discovered, simple and complex
cells had been distinguished,
and many cortical cells were
known to be binocular and to
show varying degrees of eye
preference. We knew enough
about the adult animal that we
could ask direct questions
aimed at learning whether the
visual system was malleable. So
Torsten Wiesel and I took a
kitten a week old, when the
eyes were just about to open,
and sewed shut the lids of one
eye. The procedure sounds
harsh, but it was done under
anesthesia and the kitten
showed no signs of discomfort
or distress when it woke up,
back with its mother and
littermates. After ten weeks we
reopened the eye surgically,
again under an anesthetic, and
recorded from the kitten's
cortex to learn whether the eye
closure had had any effect on
the eye or on the visual path.